Uso de la tomografía corporal total en pacientes con heridas de arma de fuego y hemodinámicamente inestables: ¿Rompiendo paradigmas de atención inicial? / Whole-body computed tomography in hemodynamically unstable patients with gunshot wounds: A paradigm shift in trauma management?

Introducción. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el impacto del uso de la tomografía corporal total en la evaluación de los pacientes con trauma penetrante por proyectil de arma de fuego y hemodinámicamente inestables atendidos en un centro de referencia de trauma. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio analítico, retrospectivo, con base en un subanálisis del registro de la Sociedad Panamericana de Trauma ­ Fundación Valle del Lili. Se incluyeron los pacientes con trauma penetrante por proyectil de arma de fuego atendidos entre 2018 y 2021. Se excluyeron los pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico severo, trauma leve y en condición in extremis. Resultados. Doscientos pacientes cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad, 115 fueron estudiados con tomografía corporal total y se compararon con 85 controles. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria en el grupo de tomografía fue de 4/115 (3,5 %) vs 10/85 (12 %) en el grupo control. En el análisis multivariado se identificó que la tomografía no tenía asociación significativa con la mortalidad (aOR=0,46; IC95% 0,10-1,94). El grupo de tomografía tuvo una reducción relativa del 39 % en la frecuencia de cirugías mayores, con un efecto asociado en la disminución de la necesidad de cirugía (aOR=0,47; IC95% 0,22-0,98). Conclusiones. La tomografía corporal total fue empleada en el abordaje inicial de los pacientes con trauma penetrante por proyectil de arma de fuego y hemodinámicamente inestables. Su uso no se asoció con una mayor mortalidad, pero sí con una menor frecuencia de cirugías mayores.

Introduction. This study aims to assess the impact of whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) in the evaluation of patients with penetrating gunshot wounds (GSW) who are hemodynamically unstable and treated at a trauma referral center. Methods. An analytical, retrospective study was conducted based on a subanalysis of the Panamerican Trauma Society-FVL registry. Patients with GSW treated between 2018 and 2021 were included. Patients with severe cranioencephalic trauma, minor trauma, and those in extremis were excluded. Patients with and without WBCT were compared. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, and the secondary outcome was the frequency of major surgeries (thoracotomy, sternotomy, cervicotomy, and/or laparotomy) during initial care. Results. Two hundred eligible patients were included, with 115 undergoing WBCT and compared to 85 controls. In-hospital mortality in the WBCT group was 4/115 (3.5%) compared to 10/85 (12%) in the control group. Multivariate analysis showed that WBCT was not significantly associated to mortality (aOR: 0.46; 95% CI 0.10-1.94). The WBCT group had a relative reduction of 39% in the frequency of major surgeries, with an associated effect on reducing the need for surgery (aOR: 0.47; 95% CI 0.22-0.98). Conclusions. Whole-body computed tomography was employed in the initial management of patients with penetrating firearm projectile injuries and hemodynamic instability. The use of WBCT was not associated with mortality but rather with a reduction in the frequency of major surgery.

Características de los pacientes con choque hemorrágico traumático

Introducción: El choque hemorrágico traumático es una de las principales causas de muerte en pacientes con trauma grave. Objetivo: Describir las características de los pacientes con choque hemorrágico traumático. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, que incluyó 207 pacientes con choque hemorrágico traumático. Para la descripción de las características de los pacientes se consideraron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y quirúrgicas. Se realizó un análisis de frecuencias, con un nivel de significación de p< 0,05 y para las variables cuantitativas se estimó la media, desviación típica. Resultados: Hubo predominio del sexo masculino (85 % de los pacientes), con una edad media de 43,7 ± 15,7 años. El 42,5 % (p= 0,000) de los pacientes eran hipertensos. Predominaron los accidentes de tránsito (63,2 %), los traumas contusos (57,5 %) y politraumatizados (42,5 %). La acidosis metabólica estuvo presente en 66,7 % (p= 0,000) de los pacientes. La media del tiempo entre ingreso y tratamiento definitivo fue de 3,52 ± 1,19 horas El tratamiento médico quirúrgico de control de daño se aplicó en el 2,9 % y 5,4 % de los pacientes respectivamente. La muerte precoz fue de 30 %. Conclusiones: Predominaron los pacientes masculinos, menores de 60 años, las complicaciones precoces que tuvieron significación estadística y el tiempo entre ingreso y comienzo del tratamiento definitivo de 3 horas y más. El tratamiento médico quirúrgico de control de daño no se aplicó con frecuencia y la muerte precoz fue elevada.

Introduction: Traumatic hemorrhagic shock is one of the main causes of death in patients with severe trauma. Objective: To describe the characteristics of patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, which included 207 patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock. To describe the characteristics of the patients, sociodemographic, clinical, and surgical variables were considered. A frequency analysis was performed, with a significance level of p<0.05 and for the quantitative variables the mean and standard deviation were estimated. Results: There was a predominance of the male sex (85% of the patients), with a mean age of 43.7 ± 15.7 years. 42.5% (p= 0.000) of the patients were hypertensive. Traffic accidents (63.2%), blunt trauma (57.5%) and polytraumatized (42.5%) predominated. Metabolic acidosis was present in 66.7% (p= 0.000) of the patients. The mean time between admission and definitive treatment was 3.52 ± 1.19 hours. Surgical medical treatment for damage control was applied in 2.9% and 5.4% of the patients, respectively. Early death was 30%. Conclusions: There was a predominance of male patients, under 60 years of age, more, and early complications that had statistical significance and the time between admission and the start of definitive treatment of 3 hours. Damage control surgical medical treatment was not frequently applied and early death was high.

Uso do ácido tranexâmico em usuários atendidos no serviço pré-hospitalar aéreo público do distrito federal / Use of tranexamic acid in users served in federal district public air pre-hospital service

Objective: to analyze the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) in the pre-hospital public air service in the Federal District. Method: descriptive study with cross-sectional design and quantitative approach. The study encompasses the documentary analysis of secondary data from the electronic medical records and attendance sheets of the Aeromedical Service (SA) of the Federal District (DF). Results: There was a reduction in the degree of shock and improvement in hemodynamic parameters from the Pre-Hospital (APH) to the in-hospital moment after using TXA. Conclusion: it was observed in the present study that the use of TXA associated with other hemorrhage control measures proved to be effective in improving the hemodynamic condition of patients. Volemic resuscitation of patients in the pre-hospital period and other measures to contain bleeding proved to be effective for resuscitation in severe degrees of shock. The administration of TXA in the APH occurred in the 1st hour of care with a dosage of 1g, with improvement.(AU)

Objetivo:analisar o uso do ácido tranexâmico (TXA) no serviço pré-hospitalar aéreo público do Distrito Federal. Método: estudo descritivo com delineamento transversal e abordagem. O estudo engloba a análise documental de dados secundários provenientes dos prontuários eletrônicos e fichas de atendimento do Serviço Aeromédico (SA) do Distrito Federal (DF). Resultados: O correu redução no grau de choque e melhora dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos do momento Pré-Hospitalar (APH) para o intra-hospitalar após uso do TXA. Conclusão: observou-se no presente estudo que o uso do TXA associado a outras medidas de controle de hemorragia mostrou-se eficaz para melhora da condição hemodinâmica dos pacientes. A reposição volêmica dos pacientes ainda no período pré-hospitalar e demais medidas para contenção de hemorragia mostraram-se efetiva para reanimação em graus severos de choque. A administração do TXA no APH ocorreu na 1ª hora do atendimento com dosagem de 1g com melhora nos dos parâmetros clínicos.(AU)

Objetivo: analizar el uso del ácido tranexámico (TXA) en el servicio público aéreo prehospitalario en el Distrito Federal. Método: estudio descriptivo con diseño transversal y enfoque cuantitativo. El estudio abarca el análisis documental de datos secundarios de las historias clínicas electrónicas y planillas de asistencia del Servicio Aeromédico (SA) del Distrito Federal (DF). Resultados: Hubo una reducción en el grado de shock y mejoría en los parámetros hemodinámicos desde el momento Pre-Hospitalario (HAP) hasta el intrahospitalario después de utilizar ATX. Conclusión: se observó en el presente estudio que el uso de ATX asociado a otras medidas de control de la hemorragia demostró ser eficaz en la mejoría del estado hemodinámico de los pacientes. La reanimación volémica de pacientes en el período prehospitalario y otras medidas para contener el sangrado demostraron ser efectivas para la reanimación en grados severos de shock. La administración de TXA en el HAP se produjo en la 1ª hora de atención con dosis de 1g, con mejoría de los parámetros clínicos.(AU)

Uso do ácido tranexâmico em usuários atendidos no serviço pré-hospitalar aéreo público do distrito federal / Uso de ácido tranexámico en usuarios atentidos en servicio prehospitalario del aire píblico del distrito federal / Use of tranexamic acid in users served in federal district public air pre-hospital service

Objetivo:analisar o uso do ácido tranexâmico (TXA) no serviço pré-hospitalar aéreo público do Distrito Federal. Método: estudo descritivo com delineamento transversal e abordagem. O estudo engloba a análise documental de dados secundários provenientes dos prontuários eletrônicos e fichas de atendimento do Serviço Aeromédico (SA) do Distrito Federal (DF). Resultados: O correu redução no grau de choque e melhora dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos do momento Pré-Hospitalar (APH) para o intra-hospitalar após uso do TXA. Conclusão: observou-se no presente estudo que o uso do TXA associado a outras medidas de controle de hemorragia mostrou-se eficaz para melhora da condição hemodinâmica dos pacientes. A reposição volêmica dos pacientes ainda no período pré-hospitalar e demais medidas para contenção de hemorragia mostraram-se efetiva para reanimação em graus severos de choque. A administração do TXA no APH ocorreu na 1ª hora do atendimento com dosagem de 1g com melhora nos dos parâmetros clínicos.(AU)

Objective: to analyze the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) in the pre-hospital public air service in the Federal District. Method: descriptive study with cross-sectional design and quantitative approach. The study encompasses the documentary analysis of secondary data from the electronic medical records and attendance sheets of the Aeromedical Service (SA) of the Federal District (DF). Results: There was a reduction in the degree of shock and improvement in hemodynamic parameters from the Pre-Hospital (APH) to the in-hospital moment after using TXA. Conclusion: it was observed in the present study that the use of TXA associated with other hemorrhage control measures proved to be effective in improving the hemodynamic condition of patients. Volemic resuscitation of patients in the pre-hospital period and other measures to contain bleeding proved to be effective for resuscitation in severe degrees of shock. The administration of TXA in the APH occurred in the 1st hour of care with a dosage of 1g, with improvement in the clinical parameters.(AU)

Objetivo: analizar el uso del ácido tranexámico (TXA) en el servicio público aéreo prehospitalario en el Distrito Federal. Método: estudio descriptivo con diseño transversal y enfoque cuantitativo. El estudio abarca el análisis documental de datos secundarios de las historias clínicas electrónicas y planillas de asistencia del Servicio Aeromédico (SA) del Distrito Federal (DF). Resultados: Hubo una reducción en el grado de shock y mejoría en los parámetros hemodinámicos desde el momento Pre-Hospitalario (HAP) hasta el intrahospitalario después de utilizar ATX. Conclusión: se observó en el presente estudio que el uso de ATX asociado a otras medidas de control de la hemorragia demostró ser eficaz en la mejoría del estado hemodinámico de los pacientes. La reanimación volémica de pacientes en el período prehospitalario y otras medidas para contener el sangrado demostraron ser efectivas para la reanimación en grados severos de shock. La administración de TXA en el HAP se produjo en la 1a hora de atención con dosis de 1g, con mejoría de los parámetros clínicos(AU)

Influence of blood hemodynamics on the treatment outcomes of limited fluid resuscitation in emergency patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock

Abstract Objectives Traumatic hemorrhagic shock is a major death-related factor contributing to mortality in emergencies and can be effectively handled by the Limited Fluid Resuscitation (LFR) method. In the current investigation, the authors analyzed the influence of different administrating blood pressure on the treatment outcomes of LFR. Methods 276 participants were enrolled in the current study retrospectively from January 2016 to December 2021 and were divided into three groups based on the administrating blood pressure of LFR. The difference among the three groups regarding serum levels of cytokines as well as blood hemodynamics parameters was analyzed. Results The results showed after the T2 stage treatment, cytokine levels in the three groups were all significantly influenced by different LFR strategies with medium MAP showing the strongest effects on the expression of all cytokine genes. Moreover, the MAP value was in positive correlation with IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels, but showed no clear relation with IL-4 level in all three groups. Regarding the effects on hemodynamics parameters, the levels of CVP, CO, and CI were slightly increased by the different LFR administrating strategies, and the effect of medium and high MAP was statistically stronger than that of low MAP. Conclusion The present results showed that LFR would influence serum inflammatory levels by improving blood hemodynamics parameters. Medium MAP showed the strongest improving effects with the least side effects, which can be employed as the optimal administrating strategy for LFR in the future.

A case report of severe hematuria after transrectal prostate biopsy treated by repeat interventional embolization / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Hemorrhage after prostate biopsy is common, but hemorrhagic shock is rare. We reported a case of sudden severe hematuria on the third day after prostate biopsy, which was considered to be bleeding at the puncture site. Conservative treatment was ineffective, and interventional embolization was performed. Bilateral bulbar urethral arteries were embolized, and the bleeding was stopped successfully. On the 4th day after embolization, the patient developed hypovolemic shock. Angiography showed bilateral prostatic artery bleeding, and the bleeding site and its superior branch arteries were embolized immediately. At 4 months after embolization, no bleeding related events occurred.

Effects of icariin on cognitive function and astrocytic pyroptosis in hemorrhagic shock resuscitation model mice / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To investigate the icariin on cognitive function and astrocytic pyroptosis in hemorrhagic shock resuscitation model mice.Methods:Forty-eight SPF grade C57BL/6 mice (male) were randomly divided into four groups ( n=12 in each group): Sham operation control group (Group C), hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation group (Group H), hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation plus icariin group (Group HI) and hemorrhagic shock resuscitation plus icariin and SSK1 group (Group HIS, SSK1 was a phosphorylation agonist of mitogen-activated protein kinase p38(p38MAPK). The mice in Group H, HI and HIS were subjected to hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation model by bleeding and retransfusion via left femoral vein; the mice in Group HI and HIS were administered with icariin (10 mg/kg) intragastrically for 7 days; the mice in Group C and H were administered with the same amount of normal saline containing dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO). The mice in Group HIS were administered with SSK1 (0.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, but the mice in Group C, H and HI were only administered with the same amount of normal saline containing DMSO.At 15 days after resuscitation, novel objective recognition test and fear conditioning test were used to assess cognitive dysfunction of mice.Microtubule-associated protein 2(MAP2), a specific marker protein of neurons reflecting astrocytic pyroptosis in the hippocampus of mice, were detected by immunofluorescence assay so as to assess neuronal injury and astrocytic pyroptosis.The levels of IL-1β, IL-18, the ratio of phosphorylated p38MAPK to total p38MAPK in the hippocampus were evaluated by Western blot.SPSS 21.0 software was used for data analysis, multiple samples among groups were compared by one-way ANOVA, and SNK- q test was used for further pairwise comparison. Results:The results of new object recognition test showed that the difference of new object recognition index among the four groups was statistically significant ( F=50.75, P<0.05). The new object recognition indexes in H group(22.7±6.9), HI group(40.1±7.0) and HIS group (22.5±7.5) were significantly lower than that in C group (58.5±11.2). The index in HI group was higher than that in H group, while the index in HIS group was lower than that in HI group (all P<0.05). The results of the fear conditioning test showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the percentage of freezing time among the four groups of mice ( F=60.54, P<0.05). And the percentage of freezing time in H group((21.8±5.0)%), HI group ((38.4±7.4) %)and HIS group((21.3±4.2)%)were lower than that in C group((49.1±7.0)%), which in HI group was higher than that in H group ( P<0.05)and which in HIS group was lower than that in HI group(all P<0.05). The results of immunofluorescence showed that there were significant decreases of MAP2 intensity ((35.3±9.3)%, (63.3±6.1)%, (28.7±10.3)%) but increases of pyroptotic astrocytes ((24.5±4.2)%, (9.3±1.5)%, (22.1±3.3)%) in the H, HI and HIS groups compared with those of C group ((106.7±19.7) %, (3.4±2.0)%). There was an increase of MAP2 intensity but a decrease of pyroptotic astrocytes in the HI group compared with those in H group, and there was a decrease of MAP2 intensity but an increase of pyroptotic astrocytes in the HIS group compared with those of HI group (all P<0.05). The Western blot results showed that there were significant increases of IL-1β, IL-18, the ratio of phosphorylated p38MAPK to total p38MAPK in the H, HI and HIS groups compared with C group, there were decreases of IL-1β, IL-18, the ratio of phosphorylated p38MAPK to total p38MAPK in the HI group compared with H group, and there were increases of IL-1β, IL-18, the ratio of phosphorylated p38MAPK to total p38MAPK in the HIS group compared with those in HI group (all P<0.05). Conclusion:Icariin alleviates hemorrhage shock and resuscitation-induced cognitive dysfunction and astrocytic pyroptosis in mice, and the mechanism may be associated with inhibition of phosphorylated p38MAPK.

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta in the treatment of severe hemorrhagic shock caused by upper gastrointestinal bleeding / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#Hemorrhagic shock is a life-threatening disease often encountered in emergency departments (EDs). Hemorrhagic shock caused by extensive bleeding from multiple sites is often associated with high mortality and morbidity. In recent years, resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) has been widely used in traumatic hemorrhagic shock and is considered to be an effective resuscitation measure.[1] Some studies reported that REBOA was also effective for non-traumatic hemorrhage.[2,3] In this study, we report a case of hemorrhagic shock caused by acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding that was successfully treated and received REBOA to obtain a transition time. This report may provide feasible options for emergency physicians, gastroenterologists, or surgeons to more actively treat refractory gastrointestinal bleeding.

Hemotórax mortal secundario a lesiones de arterias intercostales posteriores: Reporte de caso / Fatal hemothorax secondary to posterior intercostal artery injuries: case report

Resumen La lesión de la arteria intercostal es un diagnóstico diferencial poco sospechado. Puede complicarse con una inestabilidad hemodinámica por un hemotórax o un hematoma intratorácico, lo que contribuye a su morbilidad y mortalidad. Se reporta el caso de un paciente de 61 años sin antecedentes patológicos conocidos que acudió al servicio de urgencias por dolor asociado a dificultad respiratoria posterior a un trauma torácico cerrado por caída de 8 días de evolución. Los estudios de imagen revelaron un hemotórax derecho, que ameritó la colocación de un tubo pleural. Se realizó una laparotomía exploratoria sin evidencia de hemorragias ni colecciones intrabdominales, y que posteriormente falleció. En el examen de necropsia se evidenciaron fracturas del noveno y décimo arco costal posterior derecho, asociado a un hematoma. El hemotórax secundario a la lesión de la arteria intercostal es poco frecuente, pero es una emergencia que requiere un diagnóstico asertivo y una intervención oportuna.

Abstract Intercostal artery injury is a poorly suspected differential diagnosis. It can be complicated by hemodynamic instability due to hemothorax or intrathoracic hematoma, which contributes to morbidity and mortality. We report the case of a 61-year-old patient with no pathological history known, who was presented to the emergency department for pain associated with respiratory distress following a blunt chest trauma due to a fall 8 days earlier. The Imaging studies revealed a right hemothorax, which required the placement of a pleural tube. An exploratory laparotomy was performed without evidence of bleeding or intra-abdominal collections, and he subsequently died. The necropsy examination revealed fractures of the ninth and tenth right posterior costal arch, associated with a posterior costal hematoma. The hemothorax that is secondary to an intercostal artery injury is rare, but it is an emergency that requires assertive diagnosis and timely intervention.

Sangre total leucorreducida y filtro ahorrador de plaquetas preserva su función hemostática por 21 días: ¿La resucitación hemostática podría ser una realidad en Colombia? / Leukoreduced whole blood and platelet-sparing filter preserves its hemostatic function for 21 days: Could hemostatic resuscitation become a reality in Colombia?

Introducción. La resucitación hemostática es una estrategia para compensar la pérdida sanguínea y disminuir el impacto de la coagulación inducida por trauma. Debido a que la disponibilidad de transfundir una razón equilibrada de hemocomponentes es difícil de lograr en el entorno clínico, la sangre total ha reaparecido como una estrategia fisiológica, con ventajas logísticas, que le permiten ser accesible para iniciar tempranamente la resucitación hemostática. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades celulares, coagulantes y viscoelásticas de la sangre total almacenada por 21 días. Métodos. Las unidades de sangre total fueron obtenidas de 20 donantes voluntarios sanos. Se procesaron mediante un sistema de leucorreducción ahorrador de plaquetas y fueron almacenadas en refrigeración (1-6°C) sin agitación. Se analizaron los días 0, 6, 11 y 21. Las bolsas fueron analizadas para evaluar las líneas celulares, niveles de factores de coagulación y propiedades viscoelásticas mediante tromboelastografía. Resultados. El conteo eritrocitario y la hemoglobina se mantuvieron estables. El conteo de plaquetas tuvo una reducción del 50 % al sexto día, pero se mantuvo estable el resto del seguimiento. Los factores de coagulación II-V-VII-X, fibrinógeno y proteína C se mantuvieron dentro del rango normal. La tromboelastografía mostró una prolongación en el tiempo del inicio de la formación del coágulo, pero sin alterar la formación final de un coágulo estable. Conclusiones. La sangre total leucorreducida y con filtro ahorrador de plaquetas conserva sus propiedades hemostáticas por 21 días. Este es el primer paso en Colombia para la evaluación clínica de esta opción, que permita hacer una realidad universal la resucitación hemostática del paciente con trauma severo.

Background. Hemostatic resuscitation is a strategy to compensate blood loss and reduce the impact of trauma-induced coagulopathy. However, balanced resuscitation presents challenges in its application in the clinical setting. Whole blood has re-emerged as a physiologic strategy with logistical advantages that offer the opportunity for early initiation of hemostatic resuscitation. The study aims to evaluate the cellular, coagulation, and viscoelastic properties of whole blood preserved for 21 days. Methods. Whole blood units were donated by 20 healthy volunteers. These units were processed using a platelet-sparing leukoreduction filtration system. Units were stored under refrigeration (1-6°C) without agitation and were sampled on days 0, 6, 11, 16, and 21. The units were tested to assess its cellular properties and coagulation factors levels. In addition, viscoelastic features were tested using tromboelastography.Results. Red blood cells count and hemoglobin levels remained stables. Platelet count had a 50% reduction on day 6, and then remained stable for 21 days. Factors II-V-VII-X, fibrinogen, and protein C remained within normal range. Tromboelastrography test showed that the reaction time of clot formation is prolonged, but the final clot formation is not altered. Conclusion. Whole blood retains its hemostatic properties for 21 days. This is the first step to evaluate the use of whole blood in the resuscitation protocols for Colombia allowing hemostatic resuscitation become a universal reality.

Hemolysis caused by autologous blood transfusion in ectopic pregnancy patient with hemorrhagic shock: a case report / 中国综合临床

Ectopic pregnancy is a common gynecological acute abdomen disease. Once the pregnant tissue is ruptured, it will rapidly develop into hemorrhagic shock or even death. In recent years, blood transfusion from the body is widely used in the rescue of intra-abdominal hemorrhage of ectopic pregnancy, which can reduce the time of cross matching and blood collection, reduce the risk of allogeneic blood transfusion, and enable patients with hemorrhagic shock to receive timely and effective treatment. Hemolysis caused by autologous blood transfusion is rarely reported. Once hemolysis occurs, if it is not handled in time, severe cases can occur acute renal injury, hyperkalemia, or cardiac arrest or even sudden death. We retrospectively analyzed the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with hemolysis after autologous blood transfusion, suggesting that the adverse reactions of blood transfusion occur not only in allogeneic blood transfusion, but also in autologous blood transfusion. It should be handled reasonably in clinical work to reduce the occurrence of similar complications.

"Packing" torácico en urgencias torácicas / Thoracic packing in thoracic emergencies

RESUMEN El control de daños es un procedimiento en tres etapas en pacientes con riesgo vital. Primera etapa: laparotomía abreviada para el control de sangrados y contaminación. Segunda etapa: en cuidados críticos para corregir alteraciones fisiológicas y tercera etapa: con resolución definitiva de las lesiones. Se describió el empaquetamiento (packing) torácico como adaptación del empaquetamiento abdominal como procedimiento contemporizador y hemostático. El objetivo fue presentar nuestra experiencia con la cirugía de empaquetamiento torácico y mostrar su utilidad en la cirugía de control de daños en tórax. Las lesiones traumáticas de tórax pueden ir desde lesiones de leve entidad hasta lesiones graves que amenacen la vida del paciente. La decisión de empaquetar el tórax se adopta al tomar contacto con un paciente "in extremis". En conclusión, el empaquetamiento torácico se muestra eficaz para el control del sangrado en pacientes que no admiten medidas definitivas para él.

ABSTRACT Damage control is defined as an approach with 3 stages in patients with life-threatening injuries. Stage I: abbreviated laparotomy for hemorrhage and contamination control. Stage II: intensive care management to correct physiologic abnormalities; and stage III: definitive repair of injuries. Thoracic packing, an adaptation of abdominal packing, was described as a temporary procedure for hemostatic control. The aim of this study is to report our experience with thoracic packing and show its usefulness in thoracic damage control surgery. Traumatic chest injuries vary from minor trauma to life-threatening injuries. The decision to perform thoracic packing is made during the contact with a critically ill patient. In conclusion, packing is effective for bleeding control in critically ill patients who are not suitable for definitive treatment.

Damage control in the intensive care unit: what should the intensive care physician know and do? / Control de daños en la unidad de cuidados intensivos: ¿qué debe conocer y hacer el médico intensivista?

Abstract Damage control surgery has transformed the management of severely injured trauma patients. It was initially described as a three-step process that included bleeding control, abdominal cavity contamination, and resuscitation in the intensive care unit (ICU) before definitive repair of the injuries. When the patient is admitted into the ICU, the physician should identify all the physiological alterations to establish resuscitation management goals. These strategies allow an early correction of trauma-induced coagulopathy and hypoperfusion increasing the likelihood of survival. The objective of this article is to describe the physiological alterations in a severely injured trauma patient who undergo damage control surgery and to establish an adequate management approach. The physician should always be aware and correct the hypothermia, acidosis, coagulopathy and hypocalcemia presented in the severely injured trauma patients.

Resumen Cuando el paciente de trauma ingresa a la unidad de cuidado intensivo después de una cirugía de control de daños, generalmente aún presenta algún grado de hemorragia, hipoperfusión y lesiones que requieren reparo definitivo. La evaluación por parte del intensivista del grado de severidad de tales alteraciones, y las repercusiones sistémicas, permitirán establecer las necesidades de reanimación, prever potenciales complicaciones y hacer los ajustes al tratamiento con el fin de minimizar la morbilidad y mortalidad asociada al trauma. El objetivo de este artículo es describir las alteraciones que presentan los pacientes con trauma severo manejados con cirugía de control de daños y las consideraciones a tener en cuenta para su abordaje terapéutico. Se presentan los aspectos más relevantes del manejo del paciente con trauma severo y cirugía de control de daños a su ingreso a la UCI. El intensivista debe conocer las alteraciones fisiológicas que puede presentar el paciente de trauma sometido a cirugía de control de daños, especialmente las causadas por la hemorragia masiva. La evaluación de estas alteraciones, de la severidad del sangrado y del estado de choque, y estimar en qué punto de la reanimación se encuentra el paciente a su ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos son fundamentales para definir la estrategia de monitoria y soporte a seguir. La corrección de la hipotermia, la acidosis y la coagulopatía es la prioridad en el tratamiento del paciente con trauma severo.

Coagulopatía asociada al trauma en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Trauma associated coagulopathy in the Intensive Care Unit / Coagulopatia associada a trauma em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva

Resumen: Introducción: la enfermedad traumática es un problema de salud mundial. La coagulopatía asociada al trauma (CAT) constituye una complicación grave, multifactorial y de diagnóstico controversial. Objetivos: valorar la incidencia de CAT, los factores asociados a su desarrollo y su asociación con el pronóstico, en una serie de pacientes traumatizados ingresados a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de nuestro hospital. Pacientes y métodos: estudio prospectivo de todos los pacientes ingresados con diagnóstico de trauma grave a la UCI. Se definió CAT en base a los parámetros clásicos de laboratorio, por la presencia de al menos uno de: INR mayor a 1,3, plaquetopenia menor a 100.000/mm3, y/o aPTT mayor a 38 segundos. Las variables continuas se expresaron como la media ± desvío estándar. Se realizó análisis de chi cuadrado, test exacto de Fisher y regresión logística binaria para estudiar la asociación entre las variables. Se consideró significativo un valor p < 0,05. Resultados: se analizaron 103 pacientes, con media de edad de 33 años y predominio de sexo masculino. Se encontró CAT en 42 pacientes (40,8%), presentándose al ingreso hospitalario en la mayoría de los casos. Los factores de riesgo asociados a CAT fueron: gravedad al ingreso, shock, hipoperfusión, acidosis, transfusión masiva, sangrado significativo (estudio univariado), así como trauma penetrante y disfunción multiorgánica (estudio multivariado). No se encontró asociación significativa entre CAT y mortalidad. Conclusiones: presentamos el primer reporte de este tema en nuestro medio. En nuestra población la CAT es frecuente y se presenta ya al ingreso hospitalario. Se relaciona con la gravedad y el tipo de trauma. Su diagnóstico precoz es clave en el manejo de los pacientes con trauma grave.

Abstract: Introduction: trauma is a global health problem. Trauma-associated coagulopathy constitutes a severe and multifactorial complication whose diagnosis is controversial. Objectives: to assess the incidence of trauma-associated coagulopathy, the factors associated to the development of this condition and their impact on prognosis in a series of trauma patients admitted into the intensive care unit of our hospital. Method: prospective study of all patients admitted to the ICU with a diagnosis of acute trauma. Trauma-associated coagulopathy was defined according to classical laboratory parameters, when it complies with one of the following: International normalized ratio (INR) greater than 1.3, thrombocytopenia smaller than 100000/mm3, and/or aPTT greater than 38 seconds. Continuous variables were expressed as the average ± standard deviation. The chi square analysis, Fisher exact test and binary logistic regression were performed, p < 0,05 being considered significant. Results: 103 patients were analysed, average age was 33 years old and they were mostly male. Trauma-associated coagulopathy was found in 42 patients (40.8 %), and it was seen in most patients at the time they were hospitalized. Risk factors of trauma-associated coagulopathy were the following: severity upon hospitalization, shock, hypoperfusion, acidosis, massive transfusion, significant bleeding (univariate analysis); penetrating trauma and multi-organ dysfunction (multivariate analysis). No significant association between trauma- associated coagulopathy and mortality was found. Conclusions: the study presents the first report on this topic in our country. Trauma associated coagulopathy is rather common in our population and it is seen upon hospitalization. This condition is related to severity and the kind of trauma. Early diagnosis is essential in the handling of patients with severe trauma.

Resumo: Introdução: as doenças traumáticas são um problema de saúde global. A coagulopatia associada a trauma (TAC) é uma complicação diagnóstica séria, multifatorial e controversa. Objetivos: avaliar a incidência de TAC, os fatores associados ao seu desenvolvimento e sua associação com o prognóstico, em uma série de pacientes com trauma internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital Maciel em Montevidéu, Uruguai. Pacientes e métodos: estudo prospectivo de todos os pacientes admitidos na UTI com diagnóstico de trauma grave. A TAC foi definida com base nos parâmetros laboratoriais clássicos, pela presença de pelo menos um dos seguintes: coeficiente internacional normalizado - INR maior que 1,3, trombocitopenia menor que 100.000 / mm3 e / ou PTTa maior que 38 segundos. As variáveis contínuas foram expressas como média ± desvio padrão. A análise do qui-quadrado, o teste exato de Fisher e a regressão logística binária foram realizados para estudar a associação entre as variáveis. Um valor de p <0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados: foram analisados 103 pacientes, com média de idade de 33 anos e predomínio do sexo masculino. A TAC foi encontrada em 42 pacientes (40,8%), apresentando-se na admissão hospitalar na maioria dos casos. Os fatores de risco associados à TAC foram: gravidade na admissão, choque, hipoperfusão, acidose, transfusão massiva, sangramento significativo (estudo univariado); bem como trauma penetrante e disfunção de múltiplos órgãos (estudo multivariado). Nenhuma associação significativa foi encontrada entre CAT e mortalidade. Conclusões: apresentamos o primeiro relatório sobre o tema em nosso meio. Em nossa população, a TAC é frequente e já está presente na admissão hospitalar. Está relacionado à gravidade e ao tipo de trauma. Seu diagnóstico precoce é fundamental no manejo de pacientes com traumas graves.

Multi-disciplinary team on acute heart failure complicated with respiratory failure after allograft nephrectomy / 器官移植

Objective To evaluate the effect of multi-disciplinary team (MDT) on acute heart failure (AHF) complicated with respiratory failure after allograft nephrectomy. Methods MDT discussion was performed on a patient with hemorrhagic shock caused by sudden renal graft hemorrhage, who developed acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with AHF, acute pulmonary congestion, pulmonary infection and acute respiratory failure 2 weeks after allograft nephrectomy. And treatment plan was formulated and effect evaluation was conducted. Results Based on the opinions of MDT discussion, the patient was given nasal high-flow oxygen therapy, continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) to reduce cardiac load, anticoagulant, dilating blood vessels, reducing myocardial oxygen consumption, improving myocardial remodeling, lipid regulation, anti-infection, nutritional support, and other comprehensive treatment. The clinical outcome of the patient was good and regular hemodialysis treatment was resumed. Conclusions Application of MDT pattern helps to formulate a comprehensive and effective individualized treatment plan for patients with AHF and respiratory failure after allograft nephrectomy, which can enhance clinical treatment effects and improve prognosis of patient.

Quantitative analysis of renal blood flow perfusion using contrast-enhanced ultrasound in rats with hemorrhagic shock during resuscitation / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: The amount of renal blood perfusion is often in parallel with renal function. If contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) can be used to quantitatively analyze changes in renal blood flow perfusion during resuscitation so as to indirectly reflect changes in renal function, this will provide a new way for the clinical assessment of hemorrhagic shock-reperfusion injury of the kidney. OBJECTIVE: To establish a reperfusion model of severe hemorrhagic shock in Sprague-Dawly rats and to explore the value of CEUS parameters in evaluating renal perfusion. METHODS: Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, five in each group: sham operation group, and 2-, 6-, and 24-hour hemorrhagic shock reperfusion groups (2-, 6-, and 24-hour HS-R groups). CEUS examination was performed in each group, and the quantitative parameters of peak intensity, time to peak, area under curve, average transit time were checked and obtained. The correlation between time-intensity curve parameters and serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, renal tissue myeloperoxidase, endothelin 1, and prostaglandin E1 levels was analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the sham operation group, the pathological injury was significant in the HS-R groups, especially in the HS-R group, with increased peak intensity, time to peak, area under curve, and average transit time (P < 0.05) as well as increased serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels. There were significant differences in peak arrival time and average transit time among groups. Bivariate Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that time to peak and average transit time were significantly correlated with serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, renal tissue myeloperoxidase, endothelin 1, and prostaglandin E1 levels. To conclude, (1) CEUS can effectively monitor and quantitatively evaluate the renal perfusion changes during the recovery of hemorrhagic shock. (2) Time to peak and average transit time are two indexes of the time-intensity curve with some reference value. (3) After hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion, the kidney injury is aggravated but not alleviated, and the injury is the most serious at 24 hours after resuscitation. (4) CEUS provides a new idea for clinical evaluation of hemorrhagic shock-reperfusion injury of the kidney.

Should we change our approach to resuscitating victims of femoral fracture? A clinical experience in a busy trauma hospital in Shiraz, Iran / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Traumatic hemorrhagic shock is a life-threatening event worldwide. Severe brain trauma accompanying femoral fractures can trigger inflammatory responses in the body and increase pre-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1. The primary treatment in these cases is hydration with crystalloids, which has both benefits and complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of fluid therapy on the hemodynamics, coagulation profiles, and blood gases in such patients.@*METHODS@#In this cross-sectional study, patients were divided into two groups: femoral fracture group and non-femoral group. The hemodynamic status, coagulation profile, and blood gases of patients in both groups were evaluated upon arrival at the hospital and again 2 h later. Data were analyzed by t-test and ANOVA with repeated data and paired samples t-test.@*RESULTS@#A total of 681 trauma patients (605 men and 76 women) participated in this study, including 69 (86.3%) men and 11 (13.8%) women in femoral fracture group and 536 men (89.2%) and 65 women (10.8%) in non-femoral group. The laboratory parameters were evaluated in response to the equal amount of crystalloid fluid given upon arrival and 2 h later. Blood gases decreased in the fracture group despite fluid therapy (p < 0.003), and the coagulation profile worsened although the change was not statistically significant.@*CONCLUSION@#The treatment of multiple-trauma patients with femoral bone fractures should be more concerned with the need for the infusion of vasopressors such as norepinephrine. If there is evidence of clinical shock, excessive crystalloid infusion (limited to 1 L) should be avoided, and blood and blood products should be started as soon as possible.

Embolization in patient with hypovolemic shock after transobturator sling procedure / Embolização após sling transobturatório em paciente com choque hipovolêmico

Abstract The placement of a suburethral sling is standard treatment for stress urinary incontinence. The transobturator technique (TOT) emerged as an alternative to minimize the risks of the blind insertion of needles, leading to a lower rate of perforation complications compared with the retropubic approach. We present a case of injury to a branch of the left obturator artery following the placement of a urethral sling using TOT, followed by intense bleeding and hemodynamic instability, which was treated with embolization.

Resumo Sling de uretra média é o tratamento padrão para a incontinência urinária de esforço. A abordagem transobturatória (TOT) surgiu como alternativa para minimizar os riscos da inserção às cegas das agulhas com taxa de complicações perfurativas menores quando comparadas à abordagem retropúbica. Apresentamos um caso de lesão em ramo da artéria obturatória esquerda após sling TOT que evoluiu com sangramento intenso e instabilidade hemodinâmica, sendo tratado com embolização.

Hemicorporectomy anesthesia: case report / Anestesia para hemicorporectomia: relato de caso

Abstract Introduction: Hemicorporectomy progresses with hemodynamic and ventilatory repercussions that make anesthesia management definitive to patient outcome. Objective: Report anesthesia approach for a patient with squamous cell carcinoma submitted to urgent hemicorporectomy after an episode of hypovolemic shock. Case report: After lesion bleeding, the patient presented hypovolemic shock class 3, and was submitted to urgent procedure under general inhalation anesthesia and intravenous multimodal analgesia, presenting hemodynamic instability requiring massive blood transfusion after spinal cord transection and removal of surgical specimen. Conclusion: Anesthetic management is essential in scenarios such as the one reported to assure patient survival.

Resumo Introducão: A hemicorporectomia cursa com repercussões hemodinâmicas e ventilatórias que fazem o manejo anestésico ser definitivo para o desfecho do paciente. Objetivo: Relatar a condução anestésica em um portador de carcinoma espinocelular submetido à hemicorporectomia de urgência após episódio de choque hipovolêmico. Relato de caso: Após sangramento pela lesão, paciente apresentou choque hipovolêmico classe 3, sendo submetido à abordagem de urgência sob anestesia geral inalatória e analgesia multimodal endovenosa, apresentando instabilidade hemodinâmica com necessidade de transfusão sanguínea maciça após secção medular e retirada da peça cirúrgica. Conclusão: O manejo pelo anestesista se faz fundamental em situações como a relatada para assegurar a sobrevida do paciente.

Early changes of coagulation function in a swine traumatic model within 1 hour after traumatic hemorrhagic shock induced by Gunshot injury / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To explore the potential mechanism of traumatic coagulopathy through investigating the periodic change of hemodynamics, acid-base system, and coagulation system within 1 hour after traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Methods Adult healthy Landrace pigs were anesthetized to establish a model of hemorrhagic shock-induced by gunshot wounds. Vital signs, Hemodynamic parameters were monitored, and arterial blood gas, routine coagulation as well as thromboelastogram were tested at 15 minutes before the injury, shock point, 10 minutes after the shock, 30 minutes after the shock, and 1 hour after the shock, respectively. Results Among the 16 Landrace pigs that were examined, the mean total blood loss was (1444.22±205.50) ml with a 1-hour survival rate of 68.75%. Among the 11 pigs which survived over 1 hour, Hemodynamic and arterial blood gas analysis showed characteristics of stages. Analysis coagulation test showed that R value, PT and APTT are periodically decreased. The MA value decreased significantly from injury to 10 minutes after shock point (P<0.05), and LY30 showed a significant decreased from 10 minutes aftershock to 1-hour aftershock (P=0.038). In the correlation analysis of coagulation changes, there was a correlation between APTT value and heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, MAP (P<0.05); R value was related to heart rate, SVI, systolic blood pressure, and MAP (P<0.05); MA value was related to BE, LAC, K+, PH, Ca2+, and SVI (P<0.05). Conclusion Within 1 hour after severe traumatic hemorrhagic shock, the coagulation system is in a hypercoagulable state. At 10 minutes after the shock, the fibrinolytic system is inhibited and the fibrinolysis is shut down, which may further aggravate the hypercoagulable state.